The clinician using the MMPI has to pay for materials and for scoring and report services, as well as a charge to install the computerized program. Use of the MMPI is tightly controlled for ethical and financial reasons. The extended score report also provides scores on the more traditionally used Clinical Scales as well as Content, Supplementary, and other subscales of potential interest to clinicians. The computer scoring programs offer a range of scoring profile choices including the extended score report, which includes data on the newest and most psychometrically advanced scales-the Restructured Clinical Scales (RC scales). Computer scoring programs for the current standardized version, the MMPI-2, are licensed by the University of Minnesota Press to Pearson Assessments and other companies located in different countries. The standardized answer sheets can be hand scored with templates that fit over the answer sheets, but most tests are computer scored. The MMPI is copyrighted by the University of Minnesota. The original authors of the MMPI were Starke R. Although the MMPI was originally developed to assist in the clinical diagnosis of psychological disorders, it is now also used for occupational screening, such as in law enforcement, and in college, career, and marital counseling (Ben-Porath & Tellegen, 2008). Typically, the tests are administered by computer. Thisversion takesaboutone-halfthetimetocomplete andhasonl圓38questions (Figure 11.18).Despite the new test’s advantages, the MMPI-2 is more established and is still more widely used. In 2008, the test was again revised, using more advanced methods, to the MMPI-2-RF. There is also a scale to ascertain risk factors for alcohol abuse. Responses are scored to produce a clinical profile composed of 10 scales: hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviance (social deviance), masculinity versus femininity, paranoia, psychasthenia (obsessive/compulsive qualities), schizophrenia, hypomania, and social introversion. The original MMPI was based on a small, limited sample, composed mostly of Minnesota farmers and psychiatric patients the revised inventory was based on a more representative, national sample to allow for better standardization. One of the most widely used personality inventories is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), first published in 1943, with 504 true/false questions, and updated to the MMPI-2 in 1989, with 567 questions.
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